Mammalian Parasitic Vaccine: A Consolidated Exposition

Parasites are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide and infect over one fourth of the human population also. Parasites are successful in evading host immune responses, and vaccination can prove to be an effective way to control them. However, currently very few vaccines are available against parasitic infection. Two important limitations in the emergence of effective parasitic vaccines are incomplete understanding of the immunoregulatory pathways involved in immunity, and the lack of precise information regarding host-pathogen interactions. Precise identification of parasite genes and the role of their products in parasite biology may assist in the identification of useful antigens, which could then be produced in recombinant systems. Many recombinant parasitic antigens have been successfully used in livestock and new vaccines are under trail. Numerous vaccine antigens are defined to target a wide range of parasite species. Thus vaccines offer a green solution to control disease. Vaccines have multiple beneficial effects such as improvement of animal health and welfare by controlling animal infestations and infections; diminishing resistance to anthelmintics, acaricides and antibiotics; improving public health status by controlling food borne pathogens and zoonoses aspect related to animals; keeping animals and the environment free of chemical residues and maintaining biodiversity. This current review is an attempt to consolidate all commercial or under-trail vaccine for mammalian parasites. $ 64.6 million are lost in productivity losses. The average total costs for persons with mild, moderate, and severe illness were $116, $475, and $7,808, respectively [7,8]. In order to come out from adverse effect of these parasites an urge of effective control is needed. Up till now the control strategy of parasites relies mainly on the use of chemotherapy like anthelminthes, antiprotozoal drugs and insecticides etc, as they are safe, cheap and effective against a broad spectrum of parasites [9,10]. But indiscriminate use of these drugs led to the emergence of drug resistance in many targeted parasites [11]. On the same time, issues of residues in the food chain and environment have arisen, which threaten their sustained use [12]. So scientist and researcher are now a days concentrating on development of alternate sustainable methods like vaccinations, novel therapeutic regimens and immnuomodulations against these parasite [2]. The term “vaccine” was first coined by Edward Jenner in 1881; it was derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow). Vaccines are used to generate antibodies and boost immunity against a disease, and usually contain an agent which may be the microorganism, its product, toxins or one of its surface proteins, treated/modified to be used as an antigen without causing disease [13]. It can be prophylactic or therapeutic. Vaccination helps in the development of acquired immunity by inoculating non-pathogenic but immunogenic components of the pathogen, or closely related organisms. In animal science the vaccines comprise only approximately 23% of the global market for animal health products; the sector is growing consistently [14].